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摘要:
现代商业飞机中复合材料的使用率逐步上升，然而较低的电导率限制了其在蒙皮结构中的应用，一般还需搭接额外的导电结构以增强蒙皮内电流的导通性能。为分析复合材料飞机蒙皮电气特性及其影响因素，对蒙皮结构之间的搭接进行建模，并通过建立等效电路分析搭接结构电气特性影响机理。基于所构建的复合材料飞机蒙皮典型搭接结构模型，计算结构件类型、搭接方式对蒙皮电气特性的影响，并分析不同搭接方式受雷电间接效应的影响情况。计算及仿真结果表明:结构件的材质、形状及尺寸对蒙皮电气性能有一定影响，采取恰当的搭接方式可有效减小蒙皮结构阻抗、提升飞机雷电间接效应屏蔽性能。
Abstract:The use of composite materials in modern commercial aircraft is gradually increasing. However, their low electrical conductivity limits their application in skin structures. To enhance the conductivity of current within the skin, additional conductive structures are often bonded. This study modeled the bonding structures of composite aircraft skins and analyzed the electrical properties and influencing factors by establishing equivalent circuits. Using a typical bonding structure model for composite aircraft skin, the effects of structural types and bonding modes on the electrical properties were calculated, and the impact of lightning indirect effects on different bonding modes was analyzed. The results of calculations and simulations show that the material, shape, and size of structural components affect the electrical properties of the skin. Adopting appropriate bonding modes can effectively reduce structural impedance and enhance the shielding performance against lightning indirect effects.
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Key words:
- composite material /
- aircraft skin /
- bonding mode /
- electrical properties /
- lightning indirect effect
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图 6 电磁波穿过介质时的电磁损耗
Figure 6. Electromagnetic loss in electromagnetic waves passing through medium
图 7 粗糙凸起点侧视图
1. 螺栓；2. 凹形垫圈；3. 树脂；4. 延展金属箔；5. CFRP；6. 金属氧化膜；7. 金属连接件。
Figure 7. Side view of rough raised points
图 9 单搭接模型侧视图
1. 树脂；2. 螺栓；3. 平垫圈；4. 金属铜层；5. CFRP；6. 氧化铝层。
Figure 9. Side view of single lap model
图 11 金属连接件材质对蒙皮整体结构阻抗影响
Figure 11. Effect of metal connector material on overall structural impedance of skin
图 12 金属连接件材质对蒙皮整体结构阻抗影响
Figure 12. Effect of metal connector material on overall structural impedance of skin
图 13 金属连接件材质对蒙皮整体结构阻抗影响
Figure 13. Effect of metal connector material on overall structural impedance of skin
图 14 延展金属铜箔厚度对蒙皮阻抗影响
Figure 14. Effect of extended metal copper foil thickness on skin impedance
图 16 单盖板对接时蒙皮结构电气性能表现
Figure 16. Electrical performance of skin under single cover docking
图 18 双盖板对接时紧固件附近电流流向及密度分布
Figure 18. Current flow direction and density distribution near the fastener under double cover docking
表 1 螺栓与凹形垫圈尺寸
Table 1. Bolt and concave washer size
参数 数值 参数 数值 沉头螺栓总长度/mm 18 凹形垫圈高度/mm 2.2 沉头螺杆直径/mm 6.4 凹形垫圈内径/mm 6.45 沉头螺栓头直径/mm 9 凹形垫圈外径/mm 19 沉头螺栓头厚度/mm 0.5 凹形垫圈厚度/mm 0.4 
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表 2 结构件材质及其电导率
Table 2. Materials of structural parts and their electrical conductivity
结构件名称 材质 延展金属箔 铜 CFRP板材 CFRP 金属氧化膜 氧化铝 金属连接件 铝 沉头螺栓 钢 凹形垫圈 钛
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表 3 单搭接模型紧固件尺寸
Table 3. Single lap model fastener size
参数 数值 参数 数值 螺栓总长度/mm 23.14 垫圈高度/mm 1.5 螺杆直径/mm 16 垫圈内径/mm 16 螺栓头边长/mm 13.86 垫圈外径/mm 20 螺栓头厚度/mm 3 垫圈厚度/mm 1.5
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表 4 单搭接模型等效阻值情况
Table 4. Equivalent resistance of single lap model
参数 阻值/Ω 参数 阻值/Ω Rcop 3.96×10−5 RAl_1 1.10×10−5 Rcop_by_1～Rcop_by_10 1.58×10−5 RAl_by_1～RAl_by_10 1.89×10−5 RCFRP 3.17×10−2 RAl_2 5.96×10−6 Rcop_by_2～ Rcop_by_9 3.96×10−5 RAl_by_2～ RAl_by_9 4.72×10−6 Rsteel 2.04×10−5 Rcop_by_11～ Rcop_by_18 1.25×10−5
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表 5 金属连接件材质及对应电导率
Table 5. Metal connector material and corresponding conductivity
材质 电导率/(S·m−1) 铜 5.998×107 铝 3.03×107 氧化铝 0.01 钛 7.41×105
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表 6 金属箔材质及对应电导率
Table 6. Metal foil material and corresponding conductivity
材质 电导率/(S·m−1) 铜 5.998×107 铝 3.03×107 镍 1.43×107 钛 7.41×105
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表 7 搭接方式对蒙皮电气性能的影响
Table 7. Effect of lap method on electrical performance of skin
搭接方式 蒙皮整体搭接
结构阻抗/μΩ表面电流密度模的
极大值/(A·m−2)电场模的
极大值/(V·m−1)单搭接 122.216 30750 0.705 单盖板对接 61.114 12650 0.396 双盖板对接 20.935 13870 0.034
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表 8 不同材质屏蔽层下芯线电流情况
Table 8. Core current under different shield materials
材质 电流/10−6 A 铜 4.777 铝 2.647 银 3.436
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表 9 搭接方式对线缆感应电流和紧固件电流的影响
Table 9. Effect of lap splice method on cable-induced current and fastener current
搭接方式 同轴线缆感应
电流峰值/mA紧固件电流密度
峰值/(dBA·m−1)双盖板对接 76.519 80.938 单盖板对接 177.062 88.414
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