离子推力器外壳非预期放电抑制及热特性

李建鹏; 靳伍银; 赵以德; 代鹏; 张兴民

doi:10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2023.0162

离子推力器外壳非预期放电抑制及热特性

doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2023.0162

李建鹏^{1, 2},
靳伍银^1, ,,
赵以德²,
代鹏²,
张兴民²

1.
兰州理工大学机电工程学院，兰州 730050
2.
兰州空间技术物理研究所真空技术与物理重点实验室，兰州 730000

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金(62201238)；甘肃省科技计划资助项目(22JR5RA789)

详细信息

通讯作者:
E-mail：ljplzjtedu@163.com

中图分类号: TK124
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-07
- 录用日期: 2023-07-15
- 网络出版日期: 2023-08-30
- 整期出版日期: 2025-03-27

Unexpected electric breakdown control and thermal characteristics of ion thruster shell

1.
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering，Lanzhou University of Technology，Lanzhou 730050，China
2.
Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory，Lanzhou Institute of Physics，Lanzhou 730000，China

Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China (62201238)；Science and Technology Department of Gansu Province Project (22JR5RA789)

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail：ljplzjtedu@163.com

摘要

摘要:
离子推力器非预期放电直接影响其工程应用可靠性，为降低推力器外壳与屏栅间的非预期放电频率，通过理论分析和试验的方法明确了非预期放电机制，综合考虑降低非预期放电频率和热设计开展了3种方案的外壳优化设计及热特性分析，搭建了外壳验证及热平衡试验系统。结果表明：高功率下非预期放电频率明显高于低功率，采用单面本色阳极化外壳方案后，5 kW工况下，推力器非预期放电频率从优化前6.90次/h降低到0.70次/h，3 kW工况下，从优化前的3.3次/h降低到0.20次/h，电连接器处测温最高温度为148.5 ℃，满足使用要求，不同外壳方案对热敏感性强的栅极组件温度影响较小，温差范围为5 ℃，推力器温度测试和热分析最大误差小于10 ℃。
- 离子推力器 /
- 外壳 /
- 非预期放电 /
- 抑制 /
- 热设计
Abstract:
Unexpected breakdowns of ion thrusters affect their reliability in engineering applications. In order to reduce the frequency of unexpected electric breakdown between shell and screen grid of the thruster, the unexpected breakdown mechanism was clarified through theoretical analysis and experimental methods. By considering the thermal design and the elimination of unexpected electric breakdowns, the shell optimization design and thermal characteristic analysis of three schemes were carried out. A shell scheme verification and heat balance test system was built. The results show that the frequency of unexpected electric breakdowns is significantly higher at high power than at low power. After the single-sided anodized shell on the inner surface is adopted, the frequency of unexpected electric breakdowns of the thruster is reduced from 6.90 times/h before optimization to 0.70 times/h under 5 kW working condition and from 3.3 times/h before optimization to 0.20 times/h under 3 kW working condition. The maximum temperature measured at the electrical connector is 148.5 ℃, meeting the application requirements. The effect of different shell schemes on the temperature change of the thermally sensitive assembly is small, with a temperature difference within 5 ℃, and the maximum error of the thruster temperature test and thermal analysis is less than 10 ℃.
- ion thruster /
- shell /
- unexpected electric breakdown /
- control /
- thermal design

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图 1 离子推力器实物图

Figure 1. Ion thruster photo

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图 2 离子推力器外壳非预期放电痕迹

Figure 2. Traces of unexpected electric breakdown on ion thruster shell

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图 3 离子推力器供电

Figure 3. Power supply for ion thruster

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图 4 离子推力器外壳与放电室阳极位置

Figure 4. Position between ion thruster shell and anode of discharge chamber

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图 5 离子推力器三维和有限元模型

Figure 5. 3D model and finite element model of ion thruster

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图 6 离子推力器在5 kW工况下温度应力

Figure 6. Temperature stress of ion thruster under 5 kW working condition

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图 7 离子推力器试验系统结构

Figure 7. Structure of ion thruster test system

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图 8 不同外壳设计方案与放电频率的关系

Figure 8. Relationship between different shell design schemes and electric breakdown frequency

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图 9 外壳绝缘层击穿诱发非预期放电波形

Figure 9. Unexpected electric breakdown waveform of shell insulation layer

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图 10 离子推力器不同外壳方案下60 h后外壳表面

Figure 10. Shell surface of ion thruster in different schemes after 60 h

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图 11 离子推力器不同外壳方案下电连接器处温度随时间变化

Figure 11. Variation of temperature at electrical connector of ion thruster in different schemes with time

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表 1 离子推力器不同外壳设计方案

Table 1. Different shell design schemes of ion thruster

方案	材料	表面处理	质量/kg	厚度/mm
原方案	2A12铝	双面本色阳极化	0.26	0.5
方案1	2A12铝	不处理	0.26	0.5
方案2	2A12铝	单面本色阳极化	0.26	0.5
方案3	不锈钢网	不处理	0.36	0.3

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表 2 离子推力器主要性能参数

Table 2. Main performance parameters of ion thruster

推力/mN	比冲/s	流率/(mg·s⁻¹)	束电压/V	束电流/A	放电电压/V	放电电流/A	功率/kW
200	3400	2.551	1450	3.68	29.0	24.4	5

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表 3 离子推力器热分布

Table 3. Heat distribution of ion thruster

阳极热耗/W	主阴极触持热耗/W	屏栅热耗/W	加速栅热耗/W	主阴极发射体温度/ ℃	中和器触持热耗/W	中和器发射体温度/ ℃
494	29.8	133	29	1776	32	1400

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表 4 离子推力器不同外壳方案发射率吸收率

Table 4. Emissivity and absorptivity for different shell schemes of ion thruster

方案	外表面发射率	内表面发射率	外表面吸收率	内表面吸收率
原方案	0.67	0.68	0.88	0.87
方案1	0.03	0.03	0.19	0.19
方案2	0.75	0.07	0.35	0.15
方案3	0.26	0.26	0.31	0.34

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表 5 离子推力器在5 kW工况下热分析仿真结果

Table 5. Thermal analysis simulation results of ion thruster under 5 kW working condition ℃

方案	屏栅温度	加速栅温度	减速栅温度	中和器盒温度	后外壳温度	柱段外壳温度	支撑环温度	阳极温度
原方案	447.1	355.8	246.8	131.4	163.8	155.6	100.8	325.4
方案1	448.2	362.5	263.5	169.5	210.5	196.6	145.5	352.4
方案2	449.8	359.1	252.1	153.18	197.8	176.9	129.5	354.7
方案3	448.1	355.9	249.1	147.2	193.6	176.2	128.8	346.5

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表 6 离子推力器电连接器热平衡后最高温度

Table 6. Maximum temperature of electrical connector of ion thruster after heat balance ℃

方案	实验温度	仿真温度
原方案	138.2	131.40
方案1	156.2	165.50
方案2	148.5	153.18
方案3	141.8	147.20

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